Wepawaug+River

// **Wepawaug River** **Drainage Basin: South Central Coast** // =//1. About this Watershed// =  Th e Wepawaug River cuts through the towns of Woodbridge, Orange, and Milford, Connecticut, USA. The head of the river is in Woodbridge, CT and empties into Long Island Sound via Milford Harbor in Milford, CT. The Wepawaug River encompasses a large region in downtown Milford, CT and enhances the natural and historical aesthetic of the town, as seen in Figure 1 (Click on Figure 1 for a slideshow of the Wepawaug River from Woodbridge, CT to Milford Harbor in downtown Milford, CT). The Wepawaug River’s watershed boundaries are circumscribed lines of the highest elevation along the river’s course. The Wepawaug River watershed extends approximately sixteen to eighteen square miles. 1] The Wepawaug River begins in the Prospect Hill section of Woodbridge, CT at the end of Maplevale Drive, as shown in Figure 2. As the Wepawaug River flows downstream it is met with other finer tributaries. The river travels steadily through Alice Newtown Memorial Park in Woodbridge, CT. The Wepawaug River journeys a distance of roughly ten miles before reaching Long Island Sound. A map of the area in Figure 3 shows how the river travels through many recreational parks and under several major roads. For example, the Wepawaug River can be found traveling through and by Routes 114, 313, 243, and 15, providing a scenic drive in Connecticut. The Wepawaug River then collects and forms the Wepawaug Reservation, Lake Wepawaug, and Clarkton Pong in Orange, CT. As the river continues and travels parallel to Route 121, the waters feed into Eisenhower Park all year long through two main points of entry in Orange, CT. The water leaves Eisenhower Park by two small spillways that include dams. The Wepawaug River finally migrates to downtown Milford, CT, creating a duck pong, upper lagoon, and marina in Milford Harbor. 2]

//1a. Map of Watershed //
As shown in Figure 2, the Wepawaug River starts at Maplevale Drive and Prospect Hill in Woodbridge, CT and flows south through the towns of Orange and Milford, Connecticut. The river widens as it approaches the shore, flows through several parks, and recreational areas. The river opens to create Milford Harbor, which is adjacent to Fowler Field in downtown Milford, CT. The river varies in width and depths as it runs from Woodbridge to Milford, CT.

Degrees Minutes Seconds: Latitude: 41-13'20 N Longitude: 073-03'19 W

media type="googlemap" key="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&q=Wepawaug+River,+Milford,+New+Haven,+Connecticut&sll=37.370157,-95.712891&sspn=31.727294,55.546875&ie=UTF8&cd=1&geocode=FZbldAIdrEal-w&split=0&ll=41.223278,-73.050327&spn=0.029503,0.054245&t=p&z=14&output=embed" width="425" height="350" Figure 3 Map of the Wepawaug River through Woodbridge, Orange, and Milford, Connecticut = = = = //** 2. Ge ology **// As shown in the topographic map of the Milford, CT drainage basin in Figure 3, the primary components of the Wepawaug River are Wepawaug Schist and Upper Part of Maltby Lakes. According to a publishing by the USGS, Wepawaug Schist characteristics include, “medium grain size, dark-gray, medium to fine grained, and well layered.” The Wepawaug Schist is comprised of, “quartz, muscovite, ericite, plagioclase, or biotite.” In metamorphic zones, Wepawaug Schist will contain, “chlorite, garnet, staurolite, and kyanite.” The Upper Part of Maltby Lakes physical properties include, “green to gray-green particles, fined grains, and multiple layers.” Upper Part of Maltby Lake’s composition may consist of, “greenschist, epidote, albite, actinolite, and chlorite.” Upper Part of Maltby Lake may also have trace amounts of, “quartz, sericite, garnet, pyrite, and calcite.” Just like Wepawaug Schist, the Upper Part of Maltby Lake section is mainly metavolcanic. The primary, secondary, and tertiary types are “greenstone, greenschist, and metavolicanic rock.” 3] 4]

Another geological feature of the Wepawaug River is the variety of sediments carried down and deposited in the Milford Harbor of Milford, CT. According to a publication by the Milford Harbor Management Plan, the harbor contains stable sand silt at the northeastern end and a high silt mixture at the southwestern end. The heterogeneous mixture of sediments has created a perfect home for a wide variety of species. In the northern area, mud flats provide a healthy habitat for clams and oysters. In contrast, due to a major flooding, the southern end has seen a depression in salinity levels and massive deposition of sediments from the Wepawaug River. The sudden floods and massive rainstorms have transformed the environment dramatically, especially during the 1982 flood, killing off many oyster populations. 5] //**3. Hydrology** // Characteristics of the Wepawaug River According to the Connecticut DEP Water Quality Map of 1897, the Wepawaug River has sections classified as Class B/A. This Class represents that surface water is suitable for such activities as: bathing, agriculture, cooling, industrial processes, and other recreational uses. Overall, the State wants to gain a drinking water quality. The ground water classification by the State of Connecticut is GA. GA represents ground water that is suitable for private wells or for public and private water supplies without the need of treatment. The Wepawaug River has a drainage basin of approximately 18.4 square miles according to the Hydrological Study in 1997. The Wepawaug River drainage was originally used for agricultural purposes. In the absence of farming, the second growth of the surrounding forests cover in much of the wetlands. Soils in the Wepawaug River include Aquents, Podunk, Rumney, Sutton, Udothents, and Woodbridge. 5A]

// Basin of Wepawaug River, Milford Harbor, Milford, CT // As the Wepawaug River flows approximately ten miles through Woodbridge, Orange, and Milford, Connecticut, the river rushes under the Memorial Bridge, where it widens to fill the Milford Harbor. The harbor has a drainage area of approximately twenty square miles and is located in the South Central Coastal Drainage Basin of Connecticut. The waters of the Wepawaug River meet state bacteria levels and often have high dissolved oxygen levels. The higher than normal dissolved oxygen levels are due to the frequent tidal mixing with Long Island Sound. 6] // Eisenhower Park, Orange, CT // As one travels north of Milford Harbor along the Wepawaug River, the waters feed an aquifer located under much of Eisenhower Park, in Orange, CT. The major aquifer that lies in Eisenhower Park can be found in the gravel and sand beds of the ground soil. The aquifer of Eisenhower Park is subject to surface activities that can potentially lead to contamination. These surface events include: leaking fuel tanks, oil spills, salt and urban runoff, which can all enter the aquifer through permeable soils. 7] //Conservation Area, Surry Drive, Orange, CT//  One major concern of the Wepawaug River is the consistent flooding due to heavy rains and multiple dams along the river in both Orange and Milford, CT. For several years, the heavy rains have caused the Wepawaug River to flood over bridges and lake or pond boundaries. As a result of a major flood in April 2007, the town of Orange built a barrier along Surrey Drive in Orange, CT to protect homes from the overflow of the Wepawaug River. The town also discussed dredging sections of the Wepawaug River to minimize the flooding of streets. The town of Orange is very concerned with potential erosion when manipulating river banks and the land surrounding the river. A new bridge over the Wepawaug River in the Conservation Area of Orange, CT, has been delayed due to uncertainties. For the town of Orange, when handling the waters of the Wepawaug River, protection, conservation, and appropriate planning are always of extreme priority. 8]

According to Hydrology Study on a Cove Avenue Estate bordering the Wepawaug River, as shown in Table 1, the report presented a summary of dischargwes from various flooding sources and locations. The Wepawaug River had three separate locations of study and its potential flooding on the development of the Cove Avenue Estate. The following values were compiled 8A]:

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<span style="font-size: 190%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">**//4. History//**

The original area of Milford surrounding the Wepawaug River was first occupied by the Paugusett Native Americans. The name Wepawaug was given to the river by the Paugusett tribe and means ‘’the crossing place.’’ The first settler in the area was Reverend Peter Prudan who moved from New Haven Colony in 1639. The area now known as Milford, CT was purchased by Prudan and his followers on February 12th 1639 from Anasantawae, sachem of the Paugusett tribe. The initial settlers called themselves planters and negotiated with Anasantawae to establish a plantation. Anasantawae agreed and sold the planters lots for six coats, ten blankets, one kettle, twelve hatchets, twelve hoes, two dozen knives, and a dozen small looking glasses. 9] 10] 11] 12] Along the Wepawaug River, many earlier settlers were farmers, seaman, or merchants with a simple livelihood. The settlers began to quickly develop the land along the river, resulting in the formation of Milford, Orange, Woodbridge, and Bethany, Connecticut. Initially, in Milford, the settlers built a small mill, meeting house, farmed for a living, and hoped to live in harmony with the Paugusett tribe. As the town grew, many original settlers expanded their trades and ventured into shipbuilding, fishing, sea trade, and small industries. In 1637, William Fowler and his family traveled to Boston, Massachusetts from England, but did not live in peace with the Puritans. Fowler made the transition from Boston, Massachusetts to Connecticut with a group of close friends. In March of 1640, the settlers of Milford asked him to build a gristmill, a mill for grinding grain, on the Wepawaug River. The settlers needed the new mill for September to grind their wheat into flour. Fowler and his sons built the mill, weighing approximately two tons. The Fowler family operated the mill for two hundred fifty years. 13] Another important industry in Milford was the straw shop that was opened along the Wepawaug River in 1855. The company employed many town residents and was the first of its kind in the country. The company was originally established in 1852 by Flagg and Baldwin on a site across from what is now Fowler Field in downtown Milford, CT. 14] Much of Milford’s history lies in the building and construction of several bridges overt eh Wepawaug River at different crossings and monuments in commemoration of founding fathers. The first bridge over the Wepawaug River in Milford, CT was built in 1645 and was known as ‘neigh unto house bridge.’ As seen in Figure 3, Memorial Tower was built on the west end of town in honor of Robert Treat, one of Milford’s founders. An image of chief Anasantawae, leader of the Paugusett Native Americans at the founding time of Milford, was placed above the wooden door. During the years of 1888-1889, the first bridge built across the Wepawaug River was replaced with the Memorial Founders Bridge. The Wepawaug River flows past Memorial Tower, under Memorial Bridge, and through the gorge as the river enters Milford Harbor as shown in Figure 1. The town of Milford built the Memorial Bridge in 1889 to commemorate Milford’s 250th anniversary. The bridge consists of fifty-four granite stones that represent a town founder. The town of Milford also built the Jefferson Bridge in 1803 and was originally a wooden structure. The bridge was rebuilt with steel and later with stone. Jefferson Bridge is located in Jefferson Park, Milford, CT where the Dickinson Dam was built to control water flow to the downtown area. Further up, the town of Milford built the North Street Bridge which leads to Maple Street. They also built another dam towards North Street for improved water control. In 1925, the original footbridge called Jehiel Bristol Bridge was later replaced by concrete to allow for automobile traffic. The bridge was renamed Colonel Mazeau Bridge and is historically known as the kissing bridge. 15] 16] Like many communities, the residents of Milford, CT built several central facilities close to the Wepawaug River. Within such close proximity, flooding was a constant threat. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In 1907, approximately half a mile from the Milford Harbor, Dickenson Mill was established along the Wepawaug River near middle pond and town hall. In 1908, the Milford Lyceum was built in close proximity to the river and was Milford’s first public building for sole use as a library. Then in 1913, the area which is now Fowler Field on the eastern shore of the river was inundated with water at high tide. In 1920, the Milford Lyceum is renovated into the Rich Conine’s Seafood Building. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; msospacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">In 1932 the Wepawaug Yacht Club was formed by several young racing enthusiasts and an old schooner was used as a clubhouse half way up the Wepawaug. In 1934 the Wepawaug Yacht Club and Milford Yacht Club were combined. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';">17] 18]

=<span style="font-size: 190%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">**//5. Human Use and Impact//** = <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';">The proximity of the river in a populated suburban area allows for many different recreational uses. During a trip to the river, my sister and I saw boating, kayacking, fishing, horseback riding, hiking, camping, swimming, and duck feeding. The river flows directly through Eisenhower Park in Orange, CT and supports a feeding pond and developing wetlands. The park also includes trails through hardwood forests and colorful meadows. The park also has a variety of recreational facilities, such as six outdoor tennis courts, a large softball field, jogging trail with exercise stations, and two handball courts. During the summer months, the park has community gardening and blackberry pickling near the Wepawaug River. 19] The Wepawaug River also runs along many back roads and highways. The Wepawaug River is subject to pollution from cars and human activities. The pollution can include zinc contamination from tires, nitrogen and phosphorus from household products and fertilizers, and other chemical products from lawn or surface runoff. The recreational use and runoff from residential areas can have a substantial impact on the Wepawaug River composition

<span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">**//6. Flora (Plants)//** <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">According to a publishing by the Milford Open Space Steering Committee’s Natural Resource Inventory Report and Resources, the Wepawaug River and surrounding Eisenhower Park helps to create a vibrant environment for several species of goldenrod, Queen Anne’s lace, black-eyed Susan, milkweed, butter-n-eggs, bladder campion, and common mullein. Throughout the park a visitor might find common shrubs such as wild rose, barberry, sumac, honeysuckle, raspberry, carbrier, and alder. In the fields and along the river banks, one may find different tree species such as red cedar, black cherry, and black birch. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Floodplain and swampy woods are characterized by species of herbs, shrubs, and trees that can tolerate a wet soil. Jewelweed, stinging nettle, skunk cabbage, marsh marigold, trout lily, and false hellebore are frequently encountered. Pickerel weed, arrowhead, and cattail are common aquatic species. Ferns, mosses, and fungi also flourish. Sweet pepperbush, spicebush, and buttonbush are frequently encountered wetland shrubs. Trees include syca <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">more, red maple, and white ash. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Most of the trees along the river are second or third generation forests that were cut down years ago. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; msofareastfontfamily: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msofareastlanguage: EN-US; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msospacerun: yes; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">20] Other species found along the Wepawaug River include oak, multiflora rose, burning bush, and spice bush. The shrub layers along the Wepawaug River have been taken over by some vines such as green brier and wild grap. Two particular invasive species of interest along the Wepawaug River include Japanese knotwood and Japanese barberry. These species potentially threaten the diversity of the wetlands and will invade other portions of the wetlands. 20A]

<span style="font-size: 190%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">**//7. Fauna (Animals)//** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';">The Wepawaug River helps to create different plant communities with distinct wildlife habitats, based on food, shelter, and moisture requirements. Along the Wepawaug River in Eisenhower Park, there have been at least thirty seven different identified species. These species include <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">moles, rabbits, chipmunks, squirrels, woodchucks, shrews, mice, voles, rates, foxes, raccoons, deer, opossums, minks, sk <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';">unks, and otters. Along with the low lying organisms, there are more than one hundred thirty one species of birds. These bird species include <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">woodpeckers, hawks, flycatchers, thrushes, warblers, meadowlarks, blackbirds, orioles, grosbeaks, finches, sparrows, and buntings <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';">. Along other portions of the Wepawaug River, one may find other small mammals and amphibians. The Wepawaug River helps to support a diverse wildlife population. Avain speies include the mournign dove, downy woodpecker, blue jay, american crow, black-capped chickadee, northern mockingbird, song sparrow, and mallard duck. Amphibian and mamall species include the green frog, grey squirrel, and racoon. The Wepawaug River helps to maintain a safe and flourishing environment for a variety of species. 21] 21A]

=8. Lesson Plans & Field Studies= <span style="font-size: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">[|Rivers: Lifelines of the Land] =9. Personal Stories= My younger sister Stacy and I took the time to travel along the Wepawaug River and take pictures at various points from the basin in Milford, CT to the head in Woodbridge, CT. The trip was exciting and full of adventure. We took a scenic self guided tour through downtown Milford looking at all the old monuments and historical houses. We also stopped in at Stonebridge Restraunt for something to eat. The harbor was beautiful and eager sailors were already getting ready for the summer months ahead. We went through Eisenhower Park, walking along the trails, taking pictures, observing wildlife, and enjoying the peaceful sounds nature had to offer. We traveled along Route 121 jumping out of the car at random locations to take quick snapshots. We stopped in Orange along Route 34 and snuck by an old house and dam. On a hot summer day, the waters were clear and refreshing. We finally made our way through Woodbridge to Maplevale Drive where we came upon the headwaters. Due to recent rains, I was excited to find some water flowing down this tiny cut away. With the windows down and warm air filling our car on the drive home back, the memories of exploring the Wepawaug River were the best part of the trip.  =10. Community Groups= Community Gardening @ Eisenhower Park in Orange, CT =11. Recreation= Walkng, Jogging, Running, Biking along the Wepawaug River Hiking Trails at Eisenhower Park Boating, Kayaking, Fishing, Sailing Horseback Riding at Eisenhower Park Nature Studies and Walks Photography Playgrounds and recreational courts at Eisenhower Park Historical Self Guided Tours through Downtow Milford, CT Duck Feeding and Benches  =12. Related Links= Add text and links here.  =13. Notes/Sources= 1. Block, Bartley C. . "NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY." //MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE//. May 2002. MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE. 30 Jun 2009 []

2. Block, Bartley C. . "NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY." //MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE//. May 2002. MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE. 30 Jun 2009 <http://www.ci.milford.ct.us/Public_Documents/FOV1-0002D74E/Zoning%20Subdivision%20Regulations/Appendix%20C-%20Natural%20Resources.pdf>. 3. USGS, Bartley C. . "Wepawaug Schist." //USGS Mineral Resources On-Line Spatial Data//. 22 May 2009. USGS. 30 Jun 2009 <http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=CTDSw%3B0>. 4. USGS, Bartley C. . "Upper Part of Maltby Lakes." //USGS Mineral Resources On-Line Spatial Data//. 22 May 2009. USGS. 30 Jun 2009 < []>. 5. Block, Bartley C. . "NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY." //MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE//. May 2002. MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE. 30 Jun 2009 <http://www.ci.milford.ct.us/Public_Documents/FOV1-0002D74E/Zoning%20Subdivision%20Regulations/Appendix%20C-%20Natural%20Resources.pdf>. 5A. Running Brook Associates/ Home Investment Corp., "Environmental Evaluation Cove Avenue Estates Cove Avenue Milford, CT."//Land Tech Consultants Inc//. 1999. Print. 6. Block, Bartley C. . "NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY." //MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE//. May 2002. MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE. 30 Jun 2009 <http://www.ci.milford.ct.us/Public_Documents/FOV1-0002D74E/Zoning%20Subdivision%20Regulations/Appendix%20C-%20Natural%20Resources.pdf>. 7. Block, Bartley C. . "NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY." //MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE//. May 2002. MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE. 30 Jun 2009 <http://www.ci.milford.ct.us/Public_Documents/FOV1-0002D74E/Zoning%20Subdivision%20Regulations/Appendix%20C-%20Natural%20Resources.pdf>. 8. "Conservation Commision." //Orange, CT//. Orange, CT. 30 Jun 2009 [ct.gov/.../16.%20Conservation%20Comm.08.doc|www.orange ct.gov/.../16.%20Conservation%20Comm.08.doc.<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';">[[#source9]] 8A.Wassmer, Robert. "Hydrology Study Cove Avenue Estates Milford Connecticut."//CCG/HC TEDFORD ASSOCIATES//. 1997. Print. 9. Harrington, F.C.. //History of Milford Connecticut 1639-1939//. Bridgeport, CT: Braunworth & Co. INC., Builders of Books,, 1939. Print.  10. Smith, DeForest W. . //Only In Milford : An Illustrated History//. First. Milford, CT: George J. Smith & Son Realtord, 1989. Print.  11. Ford, Geogre Hare. //Historical Sketckes of the Town of Milford//. Limited. New Haven, CT: The Tuttle, Morehouse and Taylor Co., 1914. Print.  12. Hurd, Melville. //Postcard History Series Milford//. Limited. Charleston, SC,Chicago, IL, Portsmouth, NH, San Francisco, CA: Arcadia Publishing, 2006. Print.  13. Whiting, Karen H .. "A Nation Shaped By Faith." 29 June 2003. 1 Jul 2009 <http://www.lookoutmag.com/pdfs/193.pdf>.  14. Smith, DeForest W. . //Only In Milford : An Illustrated History//. First. Milford, CT: George J. Smith & Son Realtord, 1989. Print.  15. Hurd, Melville. //Postcard History Series Milford//. Limited. Charleston, SC Chicago, IL, Portsmouth, NH, San Francisco, CA: Arcadia Publishing, 2006. Print.  16. Smith, DeForest W. . //Only In Milford : An Illustrated History//. First. Milford, CT: George J. Smith & Son Realtord, 1989. Print.  17. Hurd, Melville. //Postcard History Series Milford//. Limited. Charleston, SC Chicago, IL, Portsmouth, NH, San Francisco, CA: Arcadia Publishing, 2006. Print.  18. Smith, DeForest W. . //Only In Milford : An Illustrated History//. First. Milford, CT: George J. Smith & Son Realtord, 1989. Print.

19. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Block, Bartley C. . "NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY." //MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE//. May 2002. MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';">STEERING COMMITTEE. 30 Jun 2009 <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><http://www.ci.milford.ct.us/Public_Documents/FOV1-0002D74E/Zoning%20Subdivision%20Regulations/Appendix%20C-%20Natural%20Resources.pdf>. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';"> 20. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Block, Bartley C. . "NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY." //MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE//. May 2002. MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';">STEERING COMMITTEE. 30 Jun 2009 <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><http://www.ci.milford.ct.us/Public_Documents/FOV1-0002D74E/Zoning%20Subdivision%20Regulations/Appendix%20C-%20Natural%20Resources.pdf>. 20A. Running Brook Associates/ Home Investment Corp., "Environmental Evaluation Cove Avenue Estates Cove Avenue Milford, CT."//Land Tech Consultants Inc//. 1999. Print. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';"> 21. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Block, Bartley C. . "NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY." //MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE STEERING COMMITTEE//. May 2002. MILFORD, CONNECTICUT MILFORD OPEN SPACE <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';">STEERING COMMITTEE. 30 Jun 2009 <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">[]. 21A. Running Brook Associates/ Home Investment Corp., "Environmental Evaluation Cove Avenue Estates Cove Avenue Milford, CT."//Land Tech Consultants Inc//. 1999. Print. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'serif';">